Isikhathi sangemva kobhubhane singenise igagasi elisha lesidingo esikhulu samafutha okuthutha. Ngokombono womhlaba wonke, amasimu okukhishwa kwegesi okunamandla njengezindiza kanye nokuthunyelwa kwemikhumbi abheka amafutha okukhiqiza igesi njengenye yamafutha abalulekile okususa igesi emkhathini embonini yezokuthutha. Siyini isimo samanje sokusungula ubuchwepheshe be-biofuel? Iyini amandla okusebenzisa ezindaweni okunzima ukuzisusa igesi emkhathini? Iyini indlela amazwe athuthukile aqondisa ngayo inqubomgomo?
Izinga lokukhula lomkhiqizo minyaka yonke lidinga ukusheshiswa
Kuze kube manje, i-bioethanol kanye ne-biodiesel kuseyizinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu njenge-biofuels. I-Bioethanol isaphethe isikhundla esiphezulu kuma-biofuels omhlaba wonke. Ayikwazi ukusebenza nje kuphela njengophethiloli owuketshezi ovuselelekayo noqhubekayo ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukawoyela, kodwa futhi ingasetshenziswa njengezinto zokusetshenziswa ezahlukahlukene kanye nezinyibilikisi embonini yamakhemikhali.
I-International Energy Agency (IEA) ikhombe embikweni we-“Renewable Energy 2023” ukuthi uma umgomo wokukhishwa kwegesi okungenazinhlayiya ngo-2050 uzofinyelelwa, ukukhiqizwa kwe-biofuel emhlabeni wonke kudingeka kwande ngesilinganiso sonyaka esingu-11% kusukela manje kuze kube ngu-2030. Kulindeleke ukuthi ekupheleni kuka-2030, uwoyela odoti wasekhishini, imfucuza yokudla kanye notshani bezitshalo kuzobalelwa engxenyeni ephezulu kakhulu yezinto zokusetshenziswa kwe-biofuel, kufinyelele ku-40%.
I-IEA ithe izinga lokukhula kwamanje lokukhiqizwa kwe-biofuel alikwazi ukusiza ekufezeni umgomo we-net zero ngo-2050. Kusukela ngo-2018 kuya ku-2022, izinga lokukhula kwaminyaka yonke lokukhiqizwa kwe-biofuel emhlabeni wonke liyi-4% kuphela Ngo-2050, isilinganiso sokusetshenziswa kwe-biofuel emikhakheni yezindiza, yasolwandle kanye nemigwaqo emikhulu kuzodingeka sifinyelele ku-33%, 19% kanye no-3%.
I-IEA ilindele ukuthi isidingo sophethiloli we-biofuel emhlabeni wonke sikhule ngamalitha ayizigidigidi ezingu-35 ngonyaka phakathi kuka-2022 no-2027. Phakathi kwazo, ukukhula kokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli we-diesel ovuselelekayo kanye ne-bio-jet cishe kuvela ngokuphelele kwezomnotho othuthukile; ukukhula kokusetshenziswa kwe-bioethanol kanye ne-biodiesel cishe kuvela ngokuphelele kwezomnotho osafufusa.
Phakathi kuka-2022 no-2027, isabelo samafutha e-biofuel emkhakheni kaphethiloli wezokuthutha emhlabeni wonke sizokhuphuka sisuka ku-4.3% siye ku-5.4%. Ngo-2027, isidingo sikaphethiloli we-bio-jet emhlabeni wonke kulindeleke ukuthi sande sifinyelele kumalitha ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3.9 ngonyaka, okuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-37 kunango-2021, okubalwa cishe u-1% wokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli wezindiza.
Uphethiloli owusizo kakhulu wokususa i-carbon dioxide kwezokuthutha
Kunzima kakhulu ukususa i-carbon emkhathini embonini yezokuthutha. I-IEA ikholelwa ukuthi esikhathini esifushane kuya kwesesikhathini esiphakathi, ama-biofuel ayindlela ewusizo kakhulu yokususa i-carbon emkhathini kwezokuthutha. Ukukhiqizwa komhlaba wonke kwama-biofuel aqhubekayo kuzodingeka kuphindwe kathathu phakathi kwamanje no-2030 ukuze kufezwe umgomo wokukhishwa kwegesi okungenayo i-net-zero okuvela kwezokuthutha ngo-2050.
Kukhona ukuvumelana okubanzi embonini ukuthi ama-biofuel anikeza inketho encintisanayo nezindleko zokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa evela emkhakheni wezokuthutha emashumini eminyaka ezayo. Eqinisweni, ukuhambisana nengqalasizinda yamafutha emvelo ekhona kwenza ama-biofuel abe inketho ewusizo yokufaka esikhundleni samafutha emvelo emikhunjini ekhona.
Nakuba izimoto zikagesi zithuthuka ngokushesha, igebe lezinto ezidingekayo ekukhiqizweni kwamabhethri amakhulu kanye nobunzima bokubeka izikhungo zokushaja ezindaweni ezingakathuthuki kuseyinselele ekwamukelweni kwazo kabanzi. Esikhathini esiphakathi neside, njengoba umkhakha wezokuthutha uba namandla kagesi, ukusetshenziswa kwamafutha emvelo kuzoshintshela emikhakheni okunzima ukuyifakela ugesi, njengezindiza kanye nezasolwandle.
“Amafutha e-biofuel angoketshezi njenge-bioethanol kanye ne-biodiesel angangena esikhundleni sikaphethiloli kanye nedizili ngqo, ahlinzeke ngezinye izindlela ezivuthiwe nezikwazi ukukhuliswa emakethe ephethwe yizimoto zenjini yokushisa yangaphakathi,” kusho uHeitor Cantarella, uchwepheshe e-Agricultural Research Institute of Campinas eBrazil.
Izwe lami liphinde lisheshise ukuthunyelwa kwamafutha emvelo emkhakheni wezokuthutha. Ngo-2023, ukusetshenziswa kukaphethroli wezindiza ezweni lami kuzoba cishe ngamathani ayizigidi ezingu-38.83, kanti ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni okuqondile kudlula amathani ayizigidi ezingu-123, okubalwa cishe yi-1% yokukhishwa kwekhabhoni okuphelele ezweni. Ngokomongo "wekhabhoni ephindwe kabili", uphethroli wezindiza oqhubekayo njengamanje uyindlela engenzeka kakhulu yokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni embonini yezindiza.
UMo Dingge, uSihlalo kanye noNobhala Weqembu leSinopec Ningbo Zhenhai Refining and Chemical Co., Ltd., muva nje wethule iziphakamiso ezifanele zokwakha uhlelo lwemboni kaphethiloli wezindiza oluqhubekayo oluhambisana neqiniso laseShayina: ukusheshisa ukusungulwa kohlelo olukhulu nolusebenzayo lokuhlinzeka ngezinto zokusetshenziswa ezisekelwe ezintweni eziphilayo ezifana namafutha angcolile kanye namafutha; uhlelo lokuqinisekisa oluzimele nolulawulekayo lwezwe lami kanye nohlelo lokusekela inqubomgomo yezimboni oluthuthukisiwe lukhuthaza intuthuko enempilo yemboni kaphethiloli wezindiza oluqhubekayo.
I-United States ne-Europe zinikeza izintandokazi zenqubomgomo
Phakathi kwezomnotho ezithuthukile, i-United States imatasa kakhulu ekukhuthazeni ukuthuthukiswa kwamafutha emvelo. Kubikwa ukuthi i-United States ibeke amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-9.7 embonini yamafutha emvelo ngokusebenzisa uMthetho Wokunciphisa Ukwehla Kwamanani Ezinto.
NgoFebhuwari, i-US Environmental Protection Agency kanye noMnyango Wezamandla wase-US bakhiphe isimemezelo ngokuhlanganyela bethi izimali ezinikezwa ngaphansi koMthetho Wokunciphisa Ukwehla Kwamanani Ezinto zizobekwa phambili ukuze zabelwe izinkampani ezinemiklamo yobuchwepheshe be-biofuel enomthelela omkhulu ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza futhi kuncishiswe izindleko zobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza i-biofuel.
UJoseph Goffman, isikhulu eHhovisi Lomoya Nemisebe ye-EPA, uthe: “Lesi sinyathelo senzelwe ukukhuthaza ukusungula izinto ezintsha ekukhiqizweni kwe-biofuel okuthuthukisiwe.” UJeff Marootian, iphini eliyinhloko lomsizi kanobhala wezokusebenza kahle kwamandla kanye namandla avuselelekayo eMnyangweni Wezamandla wase-US, uthe: “Ukutshalwa kwezimali kubuchwepheshe be-biofuel, ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesidingo esikhulayo samafutha ezindiza aqhubekayo kanye namanye ama-biofuel aphansi e-carbon.”
Amanye amazwe angamalungu e-EU akholelwa ukuthi amafutha e-biofuel kufanele afakwe ohlakeni lukaphethiloli olungenawo umoya-mpilo lwe-EU ukuqinisekisa ikhono lemboni lokuheha utshalomali.
INkantolo Yabahloli Bama-akhawunti yaseYurophu ithi i-EU ayinalo isu lesikhathi eside lama-biofuel, okungaphazamisa imigomo yesifunda yokususa i-carbonization kwezokuthutha. Eqinisweni, ukuma kwe-EU ngama-biofuel kuye kwashintshashintsha. Ngaphambilini yayihlose ukwandisa isilinganiso sama-biofuel ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla kwezokuthutha emgwaqweni sibe yi-10% ngo-2020, kodwa yabe isiwushiya lo mgomo. Njengamanje, i-EU iyaqaphela ukuthi ama-biofuel anamandla amakhulu ezindizeni, ezokuthutha kanye neminye imikhakha, futhi ithola ukuzethemba ngentuthuko.
UNikolaos Milionis, isikhulu seNkantolo Yabahloli Bama-akhawunti yaseYurophu, uvumile ukuthi uhlaka lwenqubomgomo ye-biofuel ye-EU luyinkimbinkimbi futhi luye lwashintsha njalo eminyakeni engama-20 edlule. “Amafutha e-biofuel angafaka isandla emgomweni we-EU wokungathathi hlangothi kwe-carbon futhi athuthukise ukuphepha kwawo kwamandla, kodwa kusenokuntuleka kwezinhlelo zentuthuko ezicacile nezicacile. Ukuntuleka kwesiqondiso senqubomgomo ngokungangabazeki kuzokwandisa izingozi zokutshalwa kwezimali futhi kunciphise ukukhanga kwemboni yamafutha e-biofuel yaseYurophu.”
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Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Mashi-30-2024
