Izimoto zikagesi sezivamile emigwaqweni yethu, futhi kwakhiwa ingqalasizinda yokushaja emhlabeni wonke ukuze izisebenzele. Kufana nogesi esiteshini sikaphethiloli, futhi maduze nje, zizotholakala yonke indawo.
Kodwa-ke, kuphakamisa umbuzo othakazelisayo. Amaphampu omoya avele athulule uketshezi emigodini futhi abelokhu esetshenziswa isikhathi eside. Akunjalo emhlabeni wamashaja e-EV, ngakho ake sibheke isimo samanje somdlalo.
Ubuchwepheshe bezimoto zikagesi buthuthuke ngokushesha selokhu baba yinto evamile eminyakeni eyishumi edlule noma ngaphezulu. Njengoba izimoto zikagesi eziningi zisenebanga elilinganiselwe, abenzi bezimoto baye bathuthukisa izimoto ezishaja ngokushesha eminyakeni edlule ukuze bathuthukise ukusebenza kwazo. Lokhu kufezwa ngokuthuthukiswa kwebhethri, ihadiwe yokulawula kanye nesofthiwe. Ubuchwepheshe bokushaja buthuthuke kakhulu kangangokuthi izimoto zikagesi zakamuva manje sezingakwazi ukwengeza amakhulu amamayela ebanga ngemizuzu engama-20 kuphela.
Kodwa-ke, ukushaja imoto kagesi ngaleli jubane kudinga ugesi omningi. Ngenxa yalokho, abenzi bezimoto namaqembu ezimboni bebesebenza ukuthuthukisa amazinga amasha okushaja ukuze banikeze amandla aphezulu kumabhethri ezimoto asezingeni eliphezulu ngokushesha okukhulu.
Njengesiqondiso, indawo yokukhipha ugesi ejwayelekile yasekhaya e-US ingaletha amandla angu-1.8 kW. Kuthatha amahora angu-48 noma ngaphezulu ukushaja imoto kagesi yesimanje kusuka endaweni yokukhipha ugesi yasekhaya enjalo.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, amachweba okushaja e-EV anamuhla angathwala noma yini kusukela ku-2 kW kuya ku-350 kW kwezinye izimo, futhi adinga izixhumi ezikhethekile kakhulu ukwenza kanjalo. Izindinganiso ezahlukahlukene ziye zavela eminyakeni edlule njengoba abenzi bezimoto befuna ukufaka amandla engeziwe ezimotweni ngesivinini esisheshayo. Ake sibheke izinketho ezivame kakhulu namuhla.
Izinga le-SAE J1772 lanyatheliswa ngoJuni 2001 futhi laziwa nangokuthi i-J Plug. Isixhumi esine-pin 5 sisekela ukushaja kwe-AC yesigaba esisodwa ku-1.44 kW uma sixhunywe ku-outlet kagesi ejwayelekile yasekhaya, engakhushulwa ibe ngu-19.2 kW uma ifakiwe esiteshini sokushaja sezimoto zikagesi esinesivinini esikhulu. Lesi sixhumi sidlulisela amandla e-AC yesigaba esisodwa ezintanjeni ezimbili, amasignali kwezinye izintambo ezimbili, kanti esesihlanu siwuxhumano lomhlaba oluvikelayo.
Ngemva kuka-2006, i-J Plug yaba yimpoqo kuzo zonke izimoto zikagesi ezithengiswa eCalifornia futhi yasheshe yathandwa e-US naseJapan, kwangena nakwamanye amamakethe omhlaba.
Isixhumi sohlobo lwesibili, esaziwa futhi ngumdali waso, umenzi waseJalimane uMennekes, sahlongozwa okokuqala ngo-2009 njengokungena esikhundleni se-SAE J1772 ye-EU. Isici sayo esiyinhloko ukwakheka kwesixhumi sayo esingu-7-pin esingathwala amandla e-AC esigaba esisodwa noma amathathu, okuvumela ukuthi ishaje izimoto ezifika ku-43 kW. Emsebenzini, amashaja amaningi ohlobo lwesibili afinyelela ku-22 kW noma ngaphansi. Ngokufanayo ne-J1772, inezikhonkwane ezimbili zezimpawu zangaphambi kokufakwa kanye nezangemuva kokufakwa. Bese kuba nomhlaba ovikelayo, i-neutral kanye nama-conductor amathathu ezigaba ezintathu ze-AC.
Ngo-2013, i-European Union yakhetha ama-plug ohlobo lwe-2 njengendinganiso entsha yokufaka esikhundleni se-J1772 kanye nezixhumi ze-EV Plug Alliance Type 3A kanye ne-3C ezithobekile zezinhlelo zokushaja i-AC. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, isixhumi samukelwa kabanzi emakethe yaseYurophu futhi sitholakala nasezimotweni eziningi zemakethe yamazwe ngamazwe.
I-CCS imele i-Combined Charging System futhi isebenzisa isixhumi "esihlanganisiwe" ukuvumela ukushaja kokubili i-DC ne-AC. Ikhishwe ngo-Okthoba 2011, indinganiso yakhelwe ukuvumela ukusetshenziswa okulula kokushaja kwe-DC okusheshayo ezimotweni ezintsha. Lokhu kungafezwa ngokungeza ama-conductor e-DC ohlotsheni lwesixhumi se-AC esikhona. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko ze-CCS, isixhumi se-Combo 1 kanye nesixhumi se-Combo 2.
I-Combo 1 ifakwe isixhumi se-Type 1 J1772 AC kanye nama-conductor amabili amakhulu e-DC. Ngakho-ke, imoto enesixhumi se-CCS Combo 1 ingaxhunywa kushaja ye-J1772 ukuze ishaje i-AC, noma ku-Combo 1 ukuze ishaje i-DC ngesivinini esikhulu. Lo mklamo ufanelekela izimoto emakethe yase-US, lapho izixhumi ze-J1772 sezivamile.
Izixhumi ze-Combo 2 zinesixhumi se-Mennekes esixhunywe kuma-conductor amabili amakhulu e-DC. Emakethe yaseYurophu, lokhu kuvumela izimoto ezinezisekelo ze-Combo 2 ukuthi zishajwe ku-AC eyodwa noma ezintathu nge-connector yohlobo 2, noma ukushaja okusheshayo kwe-DC ngokuxhuma kusixhumi se-Combo 2.
I-CCS ivumela ukushaja kwe-AC ngokwezinga le-J1772 noma i-Mennekes sub-connector eyakhelwe ekwakhiweni. Kodwa-ke, uma isetshenziselwa ukushaja okusheshayo kwe-DC, ivumela amazinga okushaja okusheshayo kombani afinyelela ku-350 kW.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ishaja esheshayo ye-DC enesixhumi se-Combo 2 isusa uxhumano lwe-AC phase kanye ne-neutral esixhumini njengoba zingadingeki. Isixhumi se-Combo 1 sizishiya endaweni yazo, yize zingasetshenziswa. Zombili lezi zakhiwo zithembele kumaphini esignali afanayo asetshenziswa isixhumi se-AC ukuxhumana phakathi kwemoto neshaja.
Njengenye yezinkampani eziholayo emkhakheni wezimoto zikagesi, iTesla yaqala ukuklama izixhumi zayo zokushaja ukuze ihlangabezane nezidingo zezimoto zayo. Lokhu kwethulwe njengengxenye yenethiwekhi ye-Supercharger yeTesla, ehlose ukwakha inethiwekhi yokushaja okusheshayo ukusekela izimoto zenkampani ngaphandle kwengqalasizinda encane noma engekho.
Nakuba inkampani ihlomisa izimoto zayo ngezixhumi zohlobo 2 noma ze-CCS eYurophu, e-US, i-Tesla isebenzisa indinganiso yayo yephothi yokushaja. Ingasekela kokubili ukushaja kwesigaba esisodwa se-AC kanye nesigaba sesithathu, kanye nokushaja kwe-DC okusheshayo eziteshini ze-Tesla Supercharger.
Iziteshi zokuqala ze-Supercharger ze-Tesla zazinikeza ama-kilowatts angu-150 ngemoto ngayinye, kodwa amamodeli asebenzisa amandla aphansi kamuva ezindaweni zasemadolobheni ayenomkhawulo ophansi wama-kilowatts angu-72. Amashaja akamuva enkampani angaletha amandla afinyelela ku-250 kW ezimotweni ezihlonyiswe kahle.
Izinga le-GB/T 20234.3 likhishwe yi-Standardization Administration yaseShayina futhi lihlanganisa izixhumi ezikwazi ukushaja ngokushesha kwe-AC ne-DC ngesikhathi esisodwa. Nakuba kungaziwa kangako ngaphandle kwemakethe ye-EV ehlukile yaseShayina, lilinganiselwe ukusebenza kuma-volts angu-1,000 DC nama-amps angu-250 kanye nokushaja ngesivinini esifinyelela kuma-kilowatts angu-250.
Cishe awusoze uthole leli chweba emotweni engenziwanga eShayina, eyenzelwe imakethe yaseShayina noma amazwe enobudlelwano obuseduze nawo kwezohwebo.
Mhlawumbe umklamo othakazelisa kakhulu waleli chweba yi-A+ kanye ne-A-pins. Zilinganiselwe ama-voltage afinyelela ku-30 V kanye nama-current afinyelela ku-20 A. Zichazwa ejwayelekile ngokuthi “amandla asekelayo aphansi ezimoto zikagesi ezihlinzekwa ngamashaja angaphandle kwebhodi”.
Akucaci ukuthi umsebenzi wazo uyini ngempela, kodwa zingase zenzelwe ukusiza ukuqala imoto kagesi ngebhethri elifile ngokuphelele. Uma ibhethri lokudonsa le-EV kanye nebhethri le-12V sekuphelile, kungaba nzima ukushaja imoto ngoba izinto zikagesi zemoto azikwazi ukuvuka futhi zixhumane neshaja. Ama-contactor nawo awakwazi ukunikezwa amandla okuxhuma iyunithi yokudonsa ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zemoto. Lawa maphini amabili cishe aklanyelwe ukunikeza amandla anele okusebenzisa izinto zikagesi eziyisisekelo zemoto nokunika amandla ama-contactor ukuze ibhethri lokudonsa eliyinhloko lishajwe noma ngabe imoto ifile ngokuphelele. Uma wazi okwengeziwe ngalokhu, zizwe ukhululekile ukusazisa kumazwana.
I-CHAdeMO iyindinganiso yokuxhumanisa yama-EV, ikakhulukazi izinhlelo zokushaja okusheshayo. Ingaletha amandla afinyelela ku-62.5 kW ngesixhumi sayo esiyingqayizivele. Lena indinganiso yokuqala eyenzelwe ukushaja okusheshayo kwe-DC ezimotweni zikagesi (kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umenzi ungubani) futhi inamaphini ebhasi e-CAN okuxhumana phakathi kwemoto neshaja.
Le nqubo yaphakanyiswa ukuthi isetshenziswe emhlabeni wonke ngo-2010 ngokusekelwa abakhiqizi bezimoto baseJapan. Kodwa-ke, le nqubo isanda kusetshenziswa eJapane kuphela, lapho iYurophu inamathela ku-Type 2 kanye ne-US isebenzisa i-J1772 kanye nezixhumi ze-Tesla. Ngesinye isikhathi, i-EU yacabanga ukuphoqa ukususwa ngokuphelele kwamashaja e-CHAdeMO, kodwa ekugcineni yanquma ukufuna iziteshi zokushaja zibe nezixhumi "zohlobo 2 noma ze-Combo 2 okungenani".
Ukuthuthukiswa okuhambisana nokubuyela emuva kwamenyezelwa ngoMeyi 2018, okuzovumela amashaja e-CHAdeMO ukuthi alethe amandla afinyelela ku-400 kW, adlule ngisho nezixhumi ze-CCS ensimini. Abasekeli be-CHAdeMO babona ingqikithi yayo njengendinganiso eyodwa yomhlaba wonke kunokuba kube umehluko phakathi kwezindinganiso ze-CCS zase-US neze-EU. Kodwa-ke, yehlulekile ukuthola ukuthengwa okuningi ngaphandle kwemakethe yaseJapan.
Izinga le-CHAdeMo 3.0 belilokhu lithuthukiswa kusukela ngo-2018. Libizwa ngokuthi i-ChaoJi futhi linomklamo omusha wokuxhumanisa onamaphini ayi-7 owakhiwe ngokubambisana ne-China Standardization Administration. Lithemba ukwandisa izinga lokushaja libe ngu-900 kW, lisebenze ku-1.5 kV, futhi lilethe ama-amps angu-600 agcwele ngokusebenzisa izintambo ezipholile ngoketshezi.
Njengoba ufunda lokhu, ungase uxolelwe ngokucabanga ukuthi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ushayela kuphi i-EV yakho entsha, kunezindinganiso eziningi zokushaja ezilungele ukukubangela ikhanda elibuhlungu. Ngenhlanhla, akunjalo. Izindawo eziningi zilwela ukusekela indinganiso eyodwa yokushaja ngenkathi zingabandakanyi ezinye eziningi, okuholela ekutheni izimoto eziningi namashaja endaweni ethile ahambisane. Vele, iTesla e-US ihlukile, kodwa futhi inenethiwekhi yayo yokushaja ezinikele.
Nakuba kukhona abanye abantu abasebenzisa ishaja engafanele endaweni engafanele ngesikhathi esingafanele, ngokuvamile bangasebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lwe-adaptha lapho beludinga khona. Kusukela manje, ama-EV amaningi amasha azonamathela ohlotsheni lwamashaja akhona ezindaweni zawo zokuthengisa, okwenza impilo ibe lula kuwo wonke umuntu.
Manje izinga lokushaja elijwayelekile yi-USB-C
.Konke kufanele kushajwe kusetshenziswa i-USB-C, akukho okuhlukile. Ngibona ipulaki ye-EV engu-100KW, okuyisethi nje yezixhumi ze-USB C ezingu-1000 ezifakwe epulakini esebenza ngokuhambisana. Ngezinto ezifanele, ungase ukwazi ukugcina isisindo singaphansi kwama-50 kg (110 lb) ukuze kube lula ukuyisebenzisa.
Ama-PHEV amaningi kanye nezimoto zikagesi zinamandla okudonsa afinyelela kumakhilogremu angu-1000, ngakho ungasebenzisa i-trailer ukuthwala uhla lwakho lwama-adapter kanye nama-converter. I-Peavey Mart nayo ithengisa ama-genny kuleli sonto uma kukhona amakhulu ambalwa e-GVWR asele.
EYurophu, ukubuyekezwa kwe-Type 1 (SAE J1772) kanye ne-CHAdeMO akunaki nhlobo iqiniso lokuthi i-Nissan LEAF kanye ne-Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV, ezimbili zezimoto zikagesi ezithengiswa kakhulu, zifakwe lezi zixhumi.
Lezi zixhumi zisetshenziswa kabanzi futhi azipheli. Nakuba Uhlobo 1 nohlobo 2 zihambisana ezingeni lesiginali (okuvumela ikhebula lohlobo 2 elisuswayo kuya kohlobo 1), i-CHAdeMO ne-CCS azihambisani. I-LEAF ayinayo indlela engokoqobo yokushaja kusuka ku-CCS.
Uma ishaja esheshayo ingasakwazi ukusebenza njenge-CHAdeMO, ngingacabanga ngokujulile ngokubuyela emotweni ye-ICE ohambweni olude futhi ngigcine i-LEAF yami ukuze isetshenziswe endaweni kuphela.
Ngine-Outlander PHEV. Ngisebenzise isici sokushaja okusheshayo se-DC izikhathi ezimbalwa, ukuze nje ngisizame uma nginesivumelwano sokushaja samahhala. Yebo, singashaja ibhethri lifike ku-80% ngemizuzu engama-20, kodwa lokho kufanele kukunike ibanga le-EV elingamakhilomitha angama-20.
Amashaja amaningi e-DC fast anentengo ephansi, ngakho-ke ungase ukhokhe cishe izikhathi eziyikhulu zebhili likagesi lakho elivamile ngamakhilomitha angu-20, okungaphezulu kakhulu kunalokho uma ubushayela ngophethiloli wodwa. Ishaja ngomzuzu nayo ayingcono kakhulu, njengoba ikhawulelwe ku-22 kW.
Ngiyayithanda i-Outlander yami ngoba imodi ye-EV ihlanganisa lonke uhambo lwami lokuya emsebenzini, kodwa isici sokushaja okusheshayo se-DC siwusizo njengengono yesithathu yendoda.
Isixhumi se-CHAdeMO kufanele sihlale sinjalo kuwo wonke amaqabunga (iqabunga?), kodwa ungazikhathazi nge-Outlanders.
I-Tesla ithengisa nama-adapter avumela i-Tesla ukusebenzisa i-J1772 (vele) kanye ne-CHAdeMO (okumangazayo nakakhulu). Ekugcineni bayiyekile i-adapter ye-CHAdeMO futhi bethula i-adapter ye-CCS…kodwa kuphela ezimotweni ezithile, ezimakethe ezithile. I-adapter edingekayo ukushaja ama-Tesla ase-US kusuka kushaja ye-CCS Type 1 enesokhethi ye-Tesla Supercharger eyimfihlo kubonakala sengathi ithengiswa eKorea kuphela (!) futhi isebenza kuphela ezimotweni zakamuva. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=584HfILW38Q
I-American Power ngisho neNissan bathi bayayiqeda iChademo esikhundleni se-CCS. I-Nissan Arya entsha izoba yi-CCS, kanti iLeaf izoyeka ukukhiqizwa maduze.
Uchwepheshe we-EV waseDashi uMuxsan uqhamuke nesengezo se-CCS se-Nissan LEAF ukuze sithathe indawo yembobo ye-AC. Lokhu kuvumela i-Type 2 AC kanye ne-CCS2 DC ukushaja ngenkathi kulondolozwa imbobo ye-CHAdeMo.
Ngiyazi u-123, 386 kanye no-356 ngaphandle kokubheka. Empeleni, ngihlanganise ezimbili zokugcina, ngakho-ke ngidinga ukuhlola.
Yebo, ngisho nakakhulu uma ucabanga ukuthi ixhunywe ngokomongo...kodwa kwadingeka ngiyichofoze mina futhi ngicabanga ukuthi yiyona, kodwa inombolo ayinginiki nhlobo umbono.
Isixhumi se-CCS2/Type 2 singene e-US njengendinganiso ye-J3068. Icala lokusetshenziswa elihlosiwe lingelama-heavy truck, njengoba amandla e-3-phase ahlinzeka ngesivinini esisheshayo kakhulu. I-J3068 icacisa i-voltage ephezulu kune-Type2, njengoba ingafinyelela ku-600V phase-to-phase. Ukushaja kwe-DC kufana ne-CCS2. Ama-voltage kanye nama-current adlula amazinga e-Type2 adinga amasignali edijithali ukuze imoto kanye ne-EVSE kukwazi ukunquma ukuhambisana. Kumandla kagesi angaba ngu-160A, i-J3068 ingafinyelela ku-166kW wamandla e-AC.
"E-US, i-Tesla isebenzisa izinga layo lembobo yokushaja. Ingasekela kokubili ukushaja kwesigaba esisodwa se-AC kanye nesigaba sesithathu"
Kuyisigaba esisodwa kuphela. Ngokuyisisekelo kuyi-plug-in ye-J1772 ehlelweni oluhlukile olune-DC functionality eyengeziwe.
I-J1772 (uhlobo lwe-CCS 1) empeleni ingasekela i-DC, kodwa angikaze ngibone lutho oluyisebenzisayo. Iphrothokholi "eyisiwula" ye-j1772 inenani elithi "Kudingeka Imodi Yedijithali" kanti elithi "Uhlobo 1 DC" lisho i-DC kumaphini e-L1/L2." Uhlobo 2 DC" ludinga amaphini engeziwe esixhumi esihlanganisiwe.
Izixhumi ze-Tesla zase-US azisekeli i-AC yesigaba esithathu. Ababhali badida izixhumi zase-US nezaseYurophu, kanti lezi zokugcina (ezaziwa nangokuthi i-CCS Type 2) ziyayisekela.
Ngesihloko esihlobene: Ingabe izimoto zikagesi ziyavunyelwa ukungena emgwaqweni ngaphandle kokukhokha intela yomgwaqo? Uma kunjalo, kungani? Uma sicabanga ukuthi i-utopia (engaphatheki nhlobo) yezemvelo lapho izimoto ezingaphezu kuka-90% zisebenza ngogesi, intela yokugcina umgwaqo izoba khona izovelaphi? Ungangeza lokho ezindlekweni zokushaja umphakathi, kodwa abantu bangasebenzisa namaphaneli elanga emakhaya, noma ngisho namajeneretha e-diesel asebenzisa udizili (akukho ntela yomgwaqo).
Konke kuncike endaweni ethile. Ezinye izindawo zikhokhisa intela kaphethiloli kuphela. Ezinye zikhokhisa imali yokubhalisa imoto njengenkokhelo eyengeziwe kaphethiloli.
Ngesinye isikhathi, ezinye zezindlela lezi zindleko ezizobuyiswa ngazo kuzodingeka zishintshe. Ngingathanda ukubona uhlelo olufanele lapho izimali zisekelwe ebangeni kanye nesisindo semoto njengoba lokho kunquma ukuthi uchitha malini emgwaqweni. Intela yekhabhoni kuphethiloli ingase ifaneleke kakhulu enkundleni yokudlala.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Juni-21-2022
